13.2. Geological Structures and Mountain Building – Vocabulary
Section 13.0 Introduction
- fold
- mountain belt
- flex
- bend
- geological structure
Section 13.1 Stress and strain
- stress
- strain
- force
- deform / deformed / deformation
- normal stress
- shear stress
- shear / shearing
- compression
- tension
- strain
- elastic strain
- reversible
- elastic rebound
- plastic strain
- permanent deformation
- ductile deformation
- brittle deformation
- composition
- elastic deformation
- boudinage structures
- boudin
- confining pressure
- hydrostatic pressure
- lithostatic pressure
- brittle-ductile transition zone
- strain rate
- pore space
- pore pressure
- fracture / fracturing
- tilt / tilting
- stretch / stretching
- fault / faulting
Section 13.2 Folds
- fold / folding
- limbs
- hinge zone
- axis
- axial surface
- axial trace
- syncline
- anticline
- fold train
- symmetrical fold
- asymmetrical fold
- overturned fold
- isoclinal fold
- recumbent fold
- plunge
- plunging fold
- V-shaped pattern
- plunge angle
- landform
- ridge
- valley
- erode
- resistant layer
- geologic cross-section
- trace
Section 13.3 Fractures, faults, and joints
- tectonic forces
- fracture
- fault
- joint
- joint set
- stress regime
- exfoliation joints
- offset
- relative motion
- dip-slip fault
- dipping fault plane
- hanging wall / head wall
- foot wall
- normal fault
- extension
- reverse fault
- compression
- strike-slip fault
- shear stress
- dextral / right-handed / right lateral
- sinistral / left-handed / left lateral
- extentional tectonics
- horst and graben structures
- horst
- graben
- Basin and Range
- thrust fault
Section 13.4 Mountain building
- orogeny
- orogen
- forearc basin
- accretionary wedge
- suture zone
- reactivate / reactivated
- fault-block mountain
Section 13.5 Measuring geological structures
- orientation
- attitude of bedding
- strike
- strike direction
- dip
- dip angle
- compass orientation / compass direction
- perpendicular
- horizontal line
- dip direction
- align
- geological compass
- clinometer
- planar feature
Other vocabulary:
- geometry
- left lateral
- right lateral
- monocline
- concave
- convex
- differential stress
- compressional stress
- tensional stress
- confining stress
- Hooke’s law
- non-permanent strain
- permanent strain
- rate of strain
- thermal contraction
- geologic map
- lithostratigraphy
- outcrop
- Brunton compass
- displacement
- oblique-slip fault
- simple folds
- complex folds
- basin
- dome
- outcrop pattern
- strike-and-dip notation
- tensional tectonics
- crustal extension
- basin and range province
- fold and thrust belts
