12.6 Transformers

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of the section, you will be able to:

  • Explain why power plants transmit electricity at high voltages and low currents and how they do this
  • Develop relationships among current, voltage, and the number of windings in step-up and step-down transformers

Although ac electric power is produced at relatively low voltages, it is sent through transmission lines at very high voltages (as high as 500~\mathrm{kV}). The same power can be transmitted at different voltages because power is the product I_{\mathrm{rms}}V_{\mathrm{rms}}. (For simplicity, we ignore the phase factor \cos\phi.) A particular power requirement can therefore be met with a low voltage and a high current or with a high voltage and a low current. The advantage of the high-voltage/low-current choice is that it results in lower {I_{\mathrm{rms}}}^2R ohmic losses in the transmission lines, which can be significant in lines that are many kilometres long (Figure 12.6.1).

(Figure 12.6.1)   \begin{gather*}.\end{gather*}

Figure shows a power plant on the left. This is connected to a step up transformer through a 12 kV line. The transformer is connected to a high voltage transmission line of 400 kV. This is connected to a step down transformer at a substation. From here, a 13 kV line goes to a step down transformer on an electric pole. From here a 240 V line goes to a house.
Figure 12.6.1 The rms voltage from a power plant eventually needs to be stepped down from 12~\mathrm{kV} to 240~\mathrm{V} so that it can be safely introduced into a home. A high-voltage transmission line allows a low current to be transmitted via a substation over long distances.

Typically, the alternating emfs produced at power plants are “stepped up” to very high voltages before being transmitted through power lines; then, they must be “stepped down” to relatively safe values (110 or 220~\mathrm{V} rms) before they are introduced into homes. The device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is the transformer (Figure 12.6.2).

(Figure 12.6.2)   \begin{gather*}.\end{gather*}

Photograph of transformers on an electric pole. There are three transformers, each encased in a cylindrical container.
Figure 12.6.2 Transformers are used to step down the high voltages in transmission lines to the 110 to 220~\mathrm{V} used in homes. (credit: modification of work by “Fortyseven”/Flickr)

As ?? illustrates, a transformer basically consists of two separated coils, or windings, wrapped around a soft iron core. The primary winding has N_P loops, or turns, and is connected to an alternating voltage v_P(t). The secondary winding has N_S turns and is connected to a load resistor R_S. We assume the ideal case for which all magnetic field lines are confined to the core so that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both the primary and the secondary windings. We also neglect energy losses to magnetic hysteresis, to ohmic heating in the windings, and to ohmic heating of the induced eddy currents in the core. A good transformer can have losses as low as 1\% of the transmitted power, so this is not a bad assumption.

(Figure 12.6.3)   \begin{gather*}.\end{gather*}

Figure shows a soft iron core in the center. This is in the form of a rectangular ring. There are windings on its left arm, connected to a voltage source. These are labeled N subscript p turns. The current through them is i subscript p parentheses t parentheses. The voltage across two ends of the windings is v subscript p parentheses t parentheses. The windings on the right arm of the core are connected to a resistor R subscript s. The windings are labeled N subscript s turns. These are more in number than the windings on the left arm. The current in the right circuit is i subscript s parentheses t parentheses. The voltage across the windings is v subscript s parentheses t parentheses. The current in the left circuit flows into the windings from the top. The current in the right circuit flows out of the winding from the top.
Figure 12.6.3 A step-up transformer (more turns in the secondary winding than in the primary winding). The two windings are wrapped around a soft iron core.

To analyze the transformer circuit, we first consider the primary winding. The input voltage v_P(t) is equal to the potential difference induced across the primary winding. From Faraday’s law, the induced potential difference is -N_P(d\Phi/dt), where \Phi is the flux through one turn of the primary winding. Thus,

    \[v_P(t)=-N_P\frac{d\Phi}{dt}.\]

Similarly, the output voltage v_S(t) delivered to the load resistor must equal the potential difference induced across the secondary winding. Since the transformer is ideal, the flux through every turn of the secondary winding is also \Phi, and

    \[v_S(t)=-N_S\frac{d\Phi}{dt}.\]

Combining the last two equations, we have

(12.6.1)   \begin{equation*}v_S(t)=\frac{N_S}{N_P}v_P(t).\end{equation*}

Hence, with appropriate values for N_S and N_P, the input voltage v_P(t) may be “stepped up” (N_S>N_P) or “stepped down” (N_S<N_P) to v_S(t), the output voltage. This is often abbreviated as the transformer equation,

(12.6.2)   \begin{equation*}\frac{V_S}{V_P}=\frac{N_S}{N_P},\end{equation*}

which shows that the ratio of the secondary to primary voltages in a transformer equals the ratio of the number of turns in their windings. For a step-up transformer, which increases voltage and decreases current, this ratio is greater than one; for a step-down transformer, which decreases voltage and increases current, this ratio is less than one.

From the law of energy conservation, the power introduced at any instant by v_P(t) to the primary winding must be equal to the power dissipated in the resistor of the secondary circuit; thus,

    \[i_P(t)v_P(t)=i_S(t)v_S(t).\]

When combined with Equation 12.6.1, this gives

(12.6.3)   \begin{equation*}i_S(t)=\frac{N_P}{N_S}i_P(t).\end{equation*}

If the voltage is stepped up, the current is stepped down, and vice versa.

Finally, we can use i_S(t)=v_S(t)/R_S, along with Equation 12.6.1 and Equation 12.6.3, to obtain

    \[v_P(t)=i_P\left[\left(\frac{N_P}{N_S}\right)^2R_S\right],\]

which tells us that the input voltage v_P(t) “sees” not a resistance R_S but rather a resistance

    \[R_P=\left(\frac{N_P}{N_S}\right)^2R_S.\]

Our analysis has been based on instantaneous values of voltage and current. However, the resulting equations are not limited to instantaneous values; they hold also for maximum and rms values.

EXAMPLE 12.6.1

A Step-Down Transformer

A transformer on a utility pole steps the rms voltage down from 12~\mathrm{kV} to 240~\mathrm{V}. (a) What is the ratio of the number of secondary turns to the number of primary turns? (b) If the input current to the transformer is 2.0~\mathrm{A}, what is the output current? (c) Determine the power loss in the transmission line if the total resistance of the transmission line is 200~\Omega. (d) What would the power loss have been if the transmission line was at 240~\mathrm{V} the entire length of the line, rather than providing voltage at 12~\mathrm{kV}? What does this say about transmission lines?

Strategy

The number of turns related to the voltages is found from Equation 12.6.1. The output current is calculated using Equation 12.6.3.

Solution

a.     Using Equation 12.6.1 with rms values V_P and V_S, we have

    \[\frac{N_S}{N_P}=\frac{240~\mathrm{V}}{12\times10^3~\mathrm{V}}=\frac{1}{50},\]

so the primary winding has 50 times the number of turns in the secondary winding.

b.     From Equation 12.6.3, the output rms current I_S is found using the transformer equation with current

(12.6.4)   \begin{equation*}I_S=\frac{N_P}{N_S}I_P\end{equation*}

such that

    \[I_S=\frac{N_P}{N_S}I_P=(50)(2.0~\mathrm{A})=100~\mathrm{A}.\]

c.     The power loss in the transmission line is calculated to be

    \[P_{\mathrm{loss}}{I_P}^2R=(2.0~\mathrm{A})^2(200~\Omega)=800~\mathrm{W}.\]

d.     If there were no transformer, the power would have to be sent at 240~\mathrm{V} to work for these houses, and the power loss would be

    \[P_{\mathrm{loss}}={I_S}^2R=(100~\mathrm{A})^2(200~\Omega)=2\times10^6~\mathrm{W}.\]

Therefore, when power needs to be transmitted, we want to avoid power loss. Thus, lines are sent with high voltages and low currents and adjusted with a transformer before power is sent into homes.

Significance

This application of a step-down transformer allows a home that uses 240{\text -}\mathrm{V} outlets to have 100~\mathrm{A} available to draw upon. This can power many devices in the home.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 12.9

A transformer steps the line voltage down from 110 to 9.0~\mathrm{V} so that a current of 0.50~\mathrm{A} can be delivered to a doorbell. (a) What is the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary windings? (b) What is the current in the primary winding? (c) What is the resistance seen by the 110{\text -}\mathrm{V} source?

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Introduction to Electricity, Magnetism, and Circuits Copyright © 2018 by Daryl Janzen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.